PECS vs Symbol Systems: What Parents Should Know Before Choosing

Last Updated on December 2, 2025 by Lisa Whaley

What Is PECS and How Does It Work?

PECS stands for Picture Exchange Communication System. It is a structured, widely-used program that teaches children to communicate requests or messages by handing over pictures to a communication partner. PECS is often introduced to learners who are not yet speaking or have very limited verbal skills, especially those with autism or developmental speech delays.

• Phase-based structure: PECS begins with teaching single-picture requests and advances to building full sentences and even answering questions.
• Low-tech, highly visual: PECS uses printed icons or photographs organized into a binder or communication book.
• Focus on functional communication: The primary goal is to help the child express their basic wants and needs, and eventually comment or answer questions.
• Partner involvement: A trained adult models and encourages exchanges. The system relies on repeated interaction between the child and their communication partner.

PECS is evidence-based, and research supports its effectiveness in boosting early communication and reducing frustration in nonverbal children.

What Are Symbol Systems in AAC?

Symbol systems in AAC include a broad range of tools that help individuals communicate without relying solely on speech. These can be low-tech or high-tech, static or dynamic, and may combine symbols, words, or letters on boards, devices, or apps. While PECS is one type of symbol system, most AAC options are broader in scope and capability.

• Low-tech boards: These include paper-based symbol grids or books, such as core word boards and topic-specific flip charts.
• High-tech devices: Digital speech-generating devices (SGDs) or tablet apps (examples include Proloquo2Go, LAMP Words for Life, TouchChat) allow selection of icons that speak words or full sentences.
• Customizable vocabulary: Modern symbol systems can be tailored with single icons, phrase buttons, or even full keyboard access as the user grows in language and literacy.
• Wide range of functions: Symbol systems support not just requesting, but also commenting, social interaction, storytelling, asking/answering questions, and early literacy development.

AAC symbol systems are suitable for any age and can be adapted to meet an individual’s changing needs over time. Many are designed for robust communication, giving children a voice in all settings.

Benefits and Limitations of PECS

What Makes PECS Unique?

• Quick introduction: Many nonverbal children learn to make their first independent requests quickly through PECS.
• No batteries or tech required: PECS is always available, portable, and easy to repair or adapt as needed.
• Reduces frustration: Early learners can express wants and needs, decreasing meltdowns and improving behavior.
• Structured learning: The clear step-by-step protocol appeals to some children who benefit from predictable routines.

PECS Limitations to Consider

• Limited vocabulary (at first): PECS often starts with nouns and simple requests, which may not meet growing language needs.
• Generalization challenges: Some children may struggle to use PECS spontaneously across settings or partners without extensive support.
• Physical icons only: PECS relies on paper or laminated photos, which can get lost, damaged, or may not keep up with fast-changing needs.
• Transition required: Most users eventually transition to more robust AAC symbol systems as communication needs expand.

Benefits and Flexibility of Symbol Systems

Why Choose an AAC Symbol System?

• Expanded language and literacy: Symbol systems are designed for more than just requests. They can support commenting, asking questions, reading, and writing activities.
• Personalized vocabulary: Vocabulary can be updated instantly to reflect new topics, places, or interests, supporting growth.
• Supports all ages and skills: From early learners to teens, symbol systems adjust for fine motor, vision, and cognitive abilities.
• Speech output option: High-tech systems give a computerized “voice,” helping the child participate independently, even with unfamiliar people.
• Visual and auditory learning: Symbol systems combine visuals, words, and sound, making communication more engaging and accessible for varied learning preferences.
• Facilitates inclusion: These systems enable participation in classroom activities, community outings, and social events with peers and adults.

Possible Drawbacks of Symbol Systems

• Learning curve: Modern devices or apps may require more systematic teaching and modeling at first, especially for very young users.
• Tech dependence: High-tech options need charging and occasional troubleshooting; backups and training are essential.
• Cost: High-quality AAC devices and apps can be expensive, though many are covered by funding or insurance when prescribed by professionals.

How to Decide: What Matters Most for Your Child?

Choosing between PECS and a symbol-based AAC system is not “either/or.” Sometimes, the best option is to blend both, starting with PECS and gradually introducing a more robust AAC system as the child’s skills, needs, and interests expand.

Factors to Consider

1. Communication needs: Is your child just beginning to communicate or do they need to express more than requests (feelings, opinions, questions)?
2. Fine motor and vision: Can your child easily handle small pictures or press touchscreens? How much support do they need with these skills?
3. Learning style and motivation: Does your child enjoy high-tech tools, or do they respond best to hands-on, tangible objects?
4. Environment and support: Are there consistent adults (SLP, teachers, family) ready to model, troubleshoot, and encourage use across settings?
5. Potential for growth: Will your child need to communicate in school, social, or online settings as they grow older?
6. Funding and policies: Will insurance, school programs, or assistive tech agencies help with device costs or training?

Making a decision is easier when you involve a trained speech language pathologist (SLP) who knows your child’s unique strengths and communication profile.

Privacy and Compliance: Protecting Your Child’s Information

When using any AAC system, especially digital symbol apps and devices, carefully review privacy policies and data security features. In the United States, privacy laws such as the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) require that device providers and app developers safeguard your child’s personal information and use data only in accordance with parental consent. Schools are also required to comply with FERPA (Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act) when using any device or app that stores student data.

• Choose trusted providers: Opt for AAC systems and apps from established companies that openly publish privacy and compliance practices.
• Read and understand app settings: Most reputable AAC apps allow disabling data sharing, analytics, or cloud backups if desired.
• School compliance: Teachers and SLPs should coordinate with IT staff to ensure that classroom devices are secure and usage stays within FERPA guidelines.

Your child has a right to privacy, and you should never need to provide unnecessary personal information for them to access communication tools. Always consult with your child’s education or therapy team before sharing any data or enabling cloud features on AAC systems.

Practical Tips for Parents and SLPs: Making the Most of Your Choice

• Start simple, then expand: Many children begin with PECS to build confidence, then transition to symbol-based AAC systems for broader communication functions.
• Model, model, model: Adults should use the communication system alongside the child, showing how to ask, comment, and participate in real conversations—at home, in school, and in the community.
• Personalize vocabulary: Edit and update images, buttons, or symbols often so they reflect each child’s interests and activities.
• Be patient and celebrate progress: Cheering every attempt builds confidence and willingness to communicate, even if it’s not “perfect” in the beginning.
• Prepare for transition: As your child’s language develops, continuously reassess their system to ensure it matches their current communication ability and goals.
• Collaborate: Team up with teachers and therapists for a consistent, supportive environment in all settings.
• Have a backup: Keep copies of printed symbols or a low-tech board for times when tech devices are unavailable.

Sample Workflow: Moving from PECS to AAC Symbol Systems

1. Begin with PECS for high-impact requests and routine needs.
2. Introduce a simple symbol-based board with a few important core words.
3. Model using both systems throughout the day (requests, comments, choices).
4. Transition into a basic AAC device or app as vocabulary and interests expand.
5. Continue updating vocabulary, adding symbols for social, academic, and personal interests.
6. Encourage use with peers and in new environments for generalization.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is PECS only for young children or kids with autism?

PECS works well for many preschool-aged children and those with autism, but it is also suited for any early communicator who struggles with speech, regardless of age or diagnosis. The important factor is whether your child is ready to show communication intent by exchanging pictures.

How do I know when my child is ready for a symbol-based AAC device?

If your child is using pictures to request or comment, and is curious or motivated by more options, it is often time to introduce a symbol system. An SLP can help assess readiness and choose the right device or app based on your child’s vision, motor, literacy, and communication needs.

Can PECS and symbol systems be used together?

Yes! Many children use PECS and a simple AAC board or app at the same time. This combination offers flexibility and prevents communication “gaps” if a device is lost or unavailable. As your child’s skills grow, you can phase out PECS and focus more on the AAC symbol system.

Is speech still encouraged with PECS and symbol systems?

Absolutely. Both PECS and symbol systems can boost motivation for speech. Model spoken words alongside picture exchanges or symbol buttons. Research shows that AAC use does not prevent speech development and often supports it.

Are these systems covered by insurance or school funding?

AAC evaluation and intervention is often covered by health insurance, state programs, or school districts in the United States. Be sure to document the need and work closely with your child’s therapy and education team to access available financial support.